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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00149_Field_frep49.txt
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1996-12-30
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We can hardly imagine that
nature would have gone to the
trouble of grouping cells so
beautifully in these two
independently coexisting sets
of columns if it were not of
some advantage to the animal.
Until we work out the exact
wiring responsible for the
transformations that occur in
the cortex, we are not likely to
understand the groupings
completely. At this point we can
only make logical guesses. If we
suppose the circuits proposed in
Chapter 4 are at all close to
reality, then what is required
to build complex cells from
simple ones, or to accomplish
end-stopping or directional
selectivity, is in each case a
convergence of many cells onto
a single cell, with all the
interconnected cells having
the same receptive-field
orientation and roughly the
same positions. So far, we have
no compelling reasons to expect
that a cell with some particular
receptive-field orientation
should receive inputs from
cells with different
orientations. (I am exaggerating
a bit: suggestions have been
made that cells of different
orientation affiliations might
be joined by inhibitory
connections: the evidence for
such connections is indirect
and as yet, to my mind, not very
strong, but it is not easily
dismissed.) If this is so, why not
group together the cells that are
to be interconnected? The
alternative is hardly attractive:
imagine the problem of having
to wire together the appropriate
cells if they were scattered
through the cortex without
regard to common properties. By
far the densest
interconnections should be
between cells having common
orientations; if cells were
distributed at random, without
regard to orientation, the
tangle of axons necessary to
interconnect the appropriate
cells would be massive. As it is,
they are, in fact, grouped
together. The same argument
applies to ocular-dominance
domains.
If the idea is to pack cells
with like properties together,
why have sequences of small
orientation steps? And why the
cycles? Why go through all
possible orientations and then
come back to the first, and
cycle around again, instead of
packing together all cells with
30-degree orientation, all cells
with 42-degree orientation, and
indeed all left-eye cells and all
right-eye cells? Given that we
know how the cortex is
constructed, we can suggest
many answers. Here is one
suggestion: perhaps cells of
unlike orientation do indeed
inhibit one another. We do not
want a cell to respond to
orientations other than its
own, and we can easily imagine
that inhibitory connections
result in a sharpening of
orientation tuning. The
existing system is then just
what is wanted: cells are
physically closest to cells of
like orientation but are not too
far away from cells of almost
the same orientation; the
result is that the inhibitory
connections do not have to be
very long.